Our review revealed that increased harsh control during play interactions as well as a lack of parental responsiveness, warmth and sensitivity were found to be associated with increased behavioral problems. In this preregistered systematic review, we sought to integrate evidence from developmental and clinical psychology to shed more light on the role of parents in the relationship between parent-child play and children's behavioral adjustment as expressed in internalizing or externalizing behavior. Parent-child play is thus viewed as an ideal window for parents to connect with their children and to support them in their social-emotional development. In early childhood, this process is thought to emerge in close interaction with caregivers. The play situation is considered a save and controlled space in which children can learn to express their problems and to regulate their emotions, thus promoting emotional and behavioral adjustment. It has widely been accepted that play has a major role in human development. Conclusions: The IARM-C tool, showing pictures of aquatic risk situations followed by three categories of questions (risk perception, assessement and decision making), is a usefull instrument for further research and education purposes, especially the swimming pool cases (> 80%). In the drawn open water aquatic risk situations, three pictures scored quite low (about 50% (range between 49%-54%)): warning flag at sea, dangerous objects in open water and sandbank at the sea. falling on someone else), only 60% of the children gave a correct description of the situation. For one drawn aquatic risk situation in the swimming pool context (i.e. Six of the 10 pictures resulted in a correct risk perception for > 80% (range between 83-94%) of the children. Results: For each of the 10 aquatic risk situations of the IARM-C, data collection was organised in a one-on-one interview in order to assist the child in completing the questionnaire. Method: The IARM-C tool was developed and validated in three subsequent phases: (1) a selection of relevant aquatic situations with possible risks for children based on the literature and discussed with experts, resulting in 10 aquatic situations that were drawn, (2) a pilot study with 22 children to test content (face) validity, and (3) a cross-sectional study with 70 children (6-12 years, 35 girls and 35 boys, 8.9 +/- 2.0 yearsrecruited via convenience sampling in different (swimming) schools in Brussel (Belgium) to test their risk perception, assessement and decision making in these 10 situations. Goals: The aim of this study was to develop and validate a tool for Individual Aquatic Risk Management for Children (IARM-C) useful in both research and practice regarding water safety for elementary school children and their families, as offered in schools, by local communities and different (water) sport organisations.

For an optimal and save participation in aquatic recreation, there is a crucial need to communicate about a realistic perception of potential dangers in relation to oneвЂ™s own acutal and perceived aquatic skills. Background: When it comes to childrenвЂ™s competence in, on and around water, their risk competence also plays an important role.

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